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chapter.
    Practice Makes Perfect
    Indicate whether each of the following nouns is masculine or feminine:
1.
árbol

_______________________
2.
dieta

_______________________
3.
navidad

_______________________
4.
malecón

_______________________
5.
solución

_______________________
6.
tienda

_______________________
7.
problema

_______________________
8.
paraguas

_______________________
9.
ajedrez

_______________________
10. especie

_______________________
 
    Write down the plural form:
1.
la consecuencia

_______________________
2.
el microondas

_______________________
3.
un pez

_______________________
4.
una cocina

_______________________
5.
el ratón

_______________________
6.
un matador

_______________________
7.
la merced

_______________________
8.
un café

_______________________
    Insert the correct definite and indefinite article, where necessary (and don’t forget about the rules of agreement):
    1. Me gusta tomar una siesta ________________________ domingos.
    2. Escribí ________________________ poemas para ella.
    3. Me duele ________________________ cabeza.
    4. Mi papá es ________________________ abogado.
    5. Tengo ________________________ regalo para ti.
    6. Ya pasaron ________________________ semanas desde que te vi ________________________ por última vez.
    7. ________________ Sánchez me invitaron a su casa a cenar con ____________ ellos.
    8. ¡Qué _________________ bebé más dulce!
    Translate into Spanish:
1.
Maria’s house

_______________________
2.
Ricardo’s brother’s wife

_______________________
3.
the class teacher

_______________________
4.
the doctor’s patients

_______________________
5.
the children’s toys

_______________________
6.
today’s lesson

_______________________
    To check your answers, refer to the answer key in Appendix D.

C HAPTER 5

Making Sense of Pronouns
    A PRONOUN IS A GRAMMATICAL DESIGNATION for words used to replace nouns and noun phrases. Some pronouns are easy to recognize: ella (she) is a pronoun that may be used instead of Marina or la chica de la calle Central (the girl from Central Street). Other pronouns are more difficult because they’re really other parts of speech working as pronouns. For example, compare Mucha gente cree que el castellano es difícil de aprender (Many people believe Spanish is difficult to learn) with Muchos lo creen (Many believe that). In the second example, muchos is an adjective that serves as a pronoun referring to gente and lo is a pronoun referring to que el castellano es difícil de aprender . Confused? Don’t despair. This chapter will help you see how pronouns work.
    From Noun to Pronoun
    In the simplest terms, a pronoun takes the place of a noun to make a switch from a specific noun or noun phrase to a more “generic” word. Pronouns don’t carry meaning in and of themselves. What they do is refer to something that has already been said. For example, “the gray cat” can be referred to simply as “it,” as long as it is clear what the pronoun “it” refers to.
    There are eight types of pronouns in Spanish:
    1. Personal pronouns ( pronombres personales ): Pronouns that replace personal nouns, like yo (I) and nosotros (us).
    2. Possessive pronouns ( pronombres posesivos ): Pronouns that represent the possessor in a possessive construction, like mi (my) and tuyo (yours).
    3. Demonstrative pronouns ( pronombres demonstrativos ):

Pronouns that demonstrate or refer to a noun, particularly in terms of its location in respect to the speakers, like éste (this) and aquéllas (those).
    4. Numeral pronouns ( pronombres numerales ): Numbers used as pronouns, like primero (first one) and par (pair).
    5. Indefinite pronouns ( pronombres indefinidos ): Pronouns that refer to nouns in terms of their quantity, like algún (some) and todo (all).
    6. Relative pronouns ( pronombres relativos ): Que (that), cual/cuales (which), and quien/quienes (who, that), used as pronouns.
    7. Interrogative pronouns ( pronombres