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ustedes.
    FACT
    Usted and ustedes were latecomers to Spanish. The word usted is an abbreviated version of the phrase vuestra merced, “your mercy,” which was used to address royalty. Later, the phrase was shortened and its use became more widespread as a polite way of address.
    Object Pronouns
    Object pronouns are pronouns that receive the action of the verb (for more on how this works, see Chapter 10). In Spanish, object pronouns are divided into two groups: direct object pronouns and indirect object pronouns.
    Direct object pronouns replace the direct object. For example:
    Yo compré un vestido rojo. Yo lo compré.
    I bought a red dress. I bought it.
    The direct object answers to the question of “subject + verb + who/what?”
    I bought what?
    I bought a red dress.
    I bought it.
    “It” is therefore a direct object pronoun. In Spanish, each subject pronoun has a direct object pronoun equivalent.
    Direct Object Pronouns
singular
plural
me (me)
nos (us)
te (you, informal)
os (you, informal in Spain)
lo, la (you, formal)
los, las (you)
lo, la (him, her, it)
los, las (them)
    The verb may also have an indirect object:
    Yo te compré un vestido rojo. Yo te lo compré.
    I bought you a red dress. I bought it for you.
    The indirect object here, te, answers the question, “to whom?” or “for whom?” the action of the verb is performed. Whereas in English, indirect objects may only appear if a direct object is present, in Spanish it’s possible to have an indirect object without a direct one there as well.
    ALERT
    In Spanish, when the objects are in the form of pronouns, they are placed before the verb. When both a direct and an indirect object pronoun are present, the indirect object pronouns comes first, followed by the direct object pronoun and the verb.
    The following pronouns serve as indirect objects. Note that in the first and second person, the indirect object pronouns are identical to direct object pronouns.
    Indirect Object Pronouns
singular
plural
me (me)
nos (us)
te (you, informal)
os (you, informal in Spain)
le (you, formal)
les (you)
le (him, her, it)
les (them)
    When the direct and the indirect objects are both pronouns, the indirect object pronouns le and les change to se before lo, la, los, and las . This is done in order to avoid confusion of saying two similar-sounding words one after another:
    Yo se lo compré.
    I bought it for her.
    Reflexive Pronouns
    Reflexive pronouns are used with reflexive verbs to show that the action of the verb is done to the subject of the verb. Take a look at the following example:
    Yo me lavo en la ducha.
    I wash (myself) in the shower.
    Note that the subject pronoun, yo, refers to the same person as the reflexive pronoun, me. One way to think of this relationship is to remember that the reflexive pronoun reflects back to the subject of the sentence. In English, this is done with pronouns that end with –self and –selves.
    Reflexive Pronouns
singular
plural
me (myself)
nos (ourselves)
te (yourself, informal)
os (yourselves, informal)
se (yourself, formal)
se (yourselves)
se (himself, herself, itself)
se (themselves)
    In addition to working reflexively, reflexive pronouns may be used reciprocally. In English, this is done by using the phrases “each other” and one another”:
    Nos queremos mucho.
    We love each other a lot.
    ESSENTIAL
    Many of the verbs that are reflexive in Spanish don’t work the same way in English. For example, me levanto is translated as “I get up,” not “I get up myself.” For a review of reflexive verbs, see Chapter 10.
    Whose Is It, Anyway?
    Possessive pronouns are pronouns that represent the possessor or owner:
    Es el sombrero de Jorge. Es su sombrero.
    It’s Jorge’s hat. It’s his hat.
    Possessive pronouns may work as adjectives modifying a noun, as in the previous example, where su describes sombrero.
    Possessive Pronouns as Adjectives
singular
plural
mi (my)
nuestro, nuestra, nuestros, nuestras (our)
tu (your, informal)
vuestro,