Read Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution From the Rights of Man to Robespierre for Free Online Page A

demise in June 1789 until Louis XVI’s execution, subsequently deemed king of France by royalists. Held at the Temple prison in Paris from 10 August 1792, died of tuberculosis after three years’ confinement, at the age of ten.
    Louvet (de Couvret), Jean-Baptiste (1760–1797), book-seller’s agent and man of letters turned journalist, editor of La Sentinelle . Led the republican denunciation of Robespierre in the Convention in late 1792. Concealed during the Terror, reentered the Convention in March 1795, remaining a stalwart antiroyalist and anti-Robespierriste republican.
    Lux, Adam (1766–1793), Mainz University philosophy lecturer and representative of the Rhenish democratic republic of 1792–93 in Paris. Published stirring anonymous pamphlets defending the Brissotins and Charlotte Corday. Guillotined in Paris 25 November 1793.
    Mallet du Pan, Jacques (1749–1800), Genevan patrician and disciple of Voltaire based in Paris who propagandized against democracy and republicanism. Edited the royalist paper Mercure de France (1789–92), and was a secret intermediary between Louis XVI and the émigré princes at Coblenz.
    Malouet, Pierre Victor (1740–1814), royal official and intendant of Toulon before 1789, a leader of the National Assembly’s right-center monarchists in 1790–91, closely aligned also with the Saint-Domingue white planters. Fled to England after the 10 August 1792 rising. From there, with other émigrés he plotted a British takeover of the French Caribbean colonies (where his main income derived).
    Manuel, Louis Pierre (1751–1793), tutor, book-seller’s agent, and author, elected procureur of the Paris Commune in December 1791. Among the organizers of the 10 August 1792 rising. Aligning with Brissot, loudly condemned the Septembermassacres, including in the Jacobins. Arrested during the Montagnard coup d’état, guillotined in Paris on 14 November 1793.
    Marat, Jean-Paul (1743–1793), Swiss physician and anti-philosophe, and the greatest populist hero of the Revolution. Editor of L’Ami du peuple , the most chauvinistic and blood-thirsty of the revolutionary papers, consistently called for Robespierre’s dictatorship. Among the main instigators of the February, March, and May 1793 risings in Paris, was a principal organizer of the coup of 2 June 1793. Assassinated by Charlotte Corday on 13 July 1793, becoming the chief cult figure and “martyr” of the authoritarian populist anti-intellectuals.
    Maréchal, Pierre-Sylvain (1750–1803), librarian, poet, and materialist philosophe among the regular journalists of Prudhomme’s Revolutions de Paris . A leader of Babeuf’s Conspiracy of Equals in 1796–97, he composed its manifesto, the Manifeste des Égaux .
    Marie Antoinette (1755–93), France’s queen from 1774, whose indiscreet behavior and inadvisable choice of companions generated torrents of scurrilous scandal concerning the royal marriage bed seriously depleting the monarchy’s ebbing prestige in the 1780s. Rightly suspected of exercising undue influence over her husband, opposed the principle of constitutional monarchy and Louis’s reconciling himself with Lafayette, preferring an underhand counter-revolutionary strategy allied to her native Austria. Guillotined on 16 October 1793.
    Maury, Jean Siffrein, Abbé (1746–1817), brilliant court preacher and staunch defender during 1789–91 of the royal prerogatives in the National Assembly. With Malhouet headed the center-right monarchist bloc. In 1792 fled France, transferring to Rome, becoming a cardinal in 1795. Following reconciliation with Napoleon became archbishop of Paris in 1810 in defiance of the pope. At the Restoration, expelled from France by Louis XVIII and imprisoned in Rome by the pope.
    Mercier, Louis Sebastien (1740–1814), prolific author famous for his Tableau de Paris (1781–88), journalist, and utopian. A key promoter of Rousseau’s standing during the Revolution, at first tried to steer between the