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Washington, D.C.: Gales and Seaton, 1833–1858.
    ASP-MAAmerican State Papers, Military Affairs.
Edited by Walter Lowrie, Matthew St. Claire Clarke, Walter S. Franklin, Asbury Dickins, and John W. Forney. 7 vols. Washington, D.C.: Gales and Seaton, 1832–1861.
    PMHBPennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
.
    VMHB
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
.
    Published Papers from the Founding Period
    DHRCDocumentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution
.
    PDM
Papers of Dolley Madison Digital Edition
.
    PHPapers of Alexander Hamilton
.
    PJPapers of Thomas Jefferson
.
    PMCPapers of James Madison, Congressional Series
.
    PMPPapers of James Madison, Presidential Series
.
    PMRPapers of James Madison, Retirement Series
.
    PMSPapers of James Madison, Secretary of State Series
.
    PWCEPapers of George Washington, Confederation Series
.
    PWDPapers of George Washington, Diaries
.
    PWPPapers of George Washington, Presidential Series
.
    PWRPapers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series
.
    PWRTPapers of George Washington, Retirement Series
.
    P ROLOGUE
    1 .Grigsby,
Virginia Convention of 1776,
36n; Billy G. Smith,
“Lower Sort,”
33–36; Lippincott,
Early Philadelphia,
51–54; Cutler and Cutler,
Life, Journals, and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler,
1:271–72; “Meteorological Observations.” In quotations throughout this book, spelling and punctuation have, with a few exceptions, been modernized, and abbreviations have been written out. Although writers of the period covered in the book underscored words more often than twenty-first-century writers do, their underscorings have been reproduced by italicizing them because they provide useful hints about what the writers wanted their readers to pay attention to. When dates for documents were uncertain, the best estimates of documentary editors have been accepted.
    2 .Watson,
Annals of Philadelphia,
1:362–63; Terrio,
Philadelphia 1787;
Grigsby
, History of the Virginia Federal Convention,
1:96.
    3 .Dunbar,
History of Travel in America,
1:174; Annette Kolodny, ed., “The Travel Diary of Elizabeth House Trist: Philadelphia to Natchez, 1783–84,” in
Journeys in New Worlds,
185–95. In
PMC,
9:409, to William Irvine, May 5, 1787, Madison wrote that he left New York “on Thursday last,” which was May 3, 1787. He probably crossed the river to Paulus Hook that evening in order to catch the Flying Machine, a stage that left for Philadelphia on Friday mornings and arrived there Saturday afternoon.
    4 .Rives Papers, Coles to Grigsby, Dec. 23, 1854; Grigsby,
History of the
Virginia Federal Convention,
1:95; Jefferson
, Autobiography,
55.
    5 .Joseph Addison, “No. 231,”
Spectator,
2:92, Nov. 24, 1711.
    6 .Rives,
Life and Times of James Madison,
2:612n.
    7 .Jefferson,
Autobiography,
55;
PMC
1:194, from Samuel Stanhope Smith, Nov. 1777–Aug. 1778; Farrand,
Records,
3:94–95, William Pierce, “Character Sketches of Delegates to the Federal Convention.”
    8 .
PJ,
7:97, from Eliza Trist, April 13, 1784; De Coppet Collection, Madison to Delaplaine, memo, Sept. 1816; Brant,
Madison,
1:106–7.
    9 .Rives Papers, Coles to Grigsby, Dec. 23, 1854.
    10 .
PMC,
10:269,
Federalist
10, Nov. 22, 1787.
    11 .Gordon Wood described this transformation as “the end of classical politics” in
Creation of the American Republic,
606–7.
    12 .Howe,
Genius Explained,
14–15; Levitin,
This Is Your Brain on Music,
199; Gladwell,
Outliers,
40–41; Isaacson,
Einstein,
36.
    13 .
PMC,
1:101, to William Bradford, Dec. 1, 1773.
    14 .
PMC,
8:474, 501, to Jefferson, Jan. 22 and March 18, 1786.
    15 .Howe,
Genius Explained,
3; Isaacson,
Einstein,
36, 90–140; Howard Gardner describes the “acid test” of large-scale creativity as being whether the creative person changes the domain in which he or she works in
Intelligence Reframed,
116.
    16 .
PJ,
14:650, to Francis Hopkinson, March 13, 1789;
PMC,
14:371, “A Candid State of Parties,”
National Gazette,
Sept. 22, 1792.
    17