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Department of Labor, 2008, 2009b). The amendments, unlike the 1994 administrative directive, expressly prohibit employers from passing onto foreign workers the cost of attorney or agent fees, the H-2B application, or recruitment associated with obtaining labor certification. The Federal Register Rules and Regulations state that these are business expenses associated with aiding the employer to complete the labor certification application and labor market test: “The employer’s responsibility to pay these costs exists separate and apart from any benefit that may accrue to the foreign worker” (U.S. Department of Labor, 2008, p. 78,039).
    TRAFFICKING WITHIN THE UNITED STATES
    Sex trafficking is the most common form of human trafficking identified among U.S. citizens. Although HHS identified more than 1,000 internal trafficking victims in 2009, it is extremely difficult to know how many persons this form of trafficking actually affects (U.S. Department of State, 2010). This uncertainty reflects both the hidden nature of the crime and the emphasis studies have placed on international as opposed to internal trafficking. There are estimates on the sexual exploitation of minors within the United States, but there is little information on children and adults trafficked within the United States for forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation (Estes & Weiner, 2002, p. 5; Clawson et al., 2009, p. 4).
    Richard J. Estes and Neil Alan Weiner in the report
The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the U.S., Canada and Mexico
estimate that as of 2001 there were between 244,000 and 325,000 U.S. youths at risk (Estes & Weiner, 2002, p. 150). These numbers may have drastically changed since the release of this report.
    The Child Labor Coalition estimates that 5.5 million U.S. youths between ages 12 and 17 are employed. This number does not include illegal employment such as the use of U.S. children in sweatshops (Clawson et al., 2009, p. 6). In 2008 the Department of Labor found 4,734 minors illegally employed. Forty-one percent of cited child labor violations included children working under hazardous conditions, in hazardous environments, and/or using prohibited equipment. Other child labor violations involved children under the age of 16 working too late, too early, or for too many hours (U.S. Department of Labor, 2009a). Grocery stores, shopping malls, restaurants, and theaters, where children are often employed, have historically shown a high level of noncompliance with child labor laws. Children in agricultural employment are also a particularly vulnerable population. In 2009 the Wage and Hour Division cited five agricultural employers for employing children under the legal age of employment to perform labor in North Carolina blueberry fields (U.S. Department of Labor, 2009a). The Association of Farmworker Opportunity Programs estimates that hundreds of thousands of U.S. children, some as young as nine years old, are migrant and seasonal farmworkers (Hess, 2007, pp. 2, 6, 11).
    There is a common misconception among Americans that human trafficking within the United States is an underground industry whose victims and abusers are exclusively immigrants. The story of one 15-year-old illustrates that U.S. citizens and legal residents can also become victims of human trafficking. In September 2005 “Sarah” ran away from home and met her traffickers, Matthew Gray (30 years old) and Jannelle Butler (21 years old), through a friend. They took Sarah to an apartment in the Washington Park area of Phoenix, where they bound and gang-raped her. 6 The traffickers then forced Sarah into a dog kennel and with a gun threatened to harm her and her family. When fearful of police, the traffickers hid Sarah in a hollowed-out box spring. The traffickers forced Sarah to prostitute for 42 days. One of her captors, Gray, raped Sarah throughout her time in captivity (Villa & Collom, 2005a; Park, 2008).
    In early November Sarah managed to call her