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Acknowledgments
    I N THE PREPARATION of this work I have benefited from the kind assistance of many people. I am particularly indebted to the staff of several archival institutions: the Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv in Freiburg-im-Breisgau, particularly Herr Moritz and Dr. Maierhöfer; the Bundesarchiv in Berlin-Lichterfelde; Manuela Vack at the Bundesarchiv Koblenz; Karin Popp of Munich’s Institut für Zeitgeschichte; Harry Riley at the National Archives; the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Kathy Lloyd and Ken Johnson at the Washington Navy Yard’s Naval Operational Archives; and Dr. Erik Norberg of the Kungl. Krigsarchiv in Stockholm, who went far beyond the call of duty. Herr Dipl. Ing. Peter Schörner kindly granted the author permission to examine his father’s papers. I am grateful to Erskine College’s Faculty Development Committee for granting funds for archival research and the preparation of maps. The interlibrary borrowing departments of McCain Library at Erskine, particularly Sara Morrison, and of Davis Library at UNC-Chapel Hill provided invaluable assistance in obtaining books and microfilm used in this study.
    Professor Gerhard L. Weinberg has been extremely helpful in providing guidance on this project from its inception as an M.A. thesis. His vast knowledge of the Nazi period and its sources prevented the author from making innumerable blunders, and his gentle but persistent prodding to publish the manuscript is greatly appreciated. Professors Willis Brooks, David Griffiths, Donald Reid, and Russel van Wyk offered helpful comments and suggestions on the dissertation that forms the basis of this study. Also of great value were observations from fellow graduate students David Yelton, Norm Goda, Doris Bergen, and Sandra Chaney. Professor Charles Thomas kindly read portions of the revised manuscript and offered helpful suggestions. Dr. Hans Engler deciphered some of Admiral Meisel’s handwriting and improved the author’s translation of a speech by Admiral Dönitz. Thanks are also due to my departmental colleagues at Erskine College: Sandra Chaney, Nancy Erickson, Gary Freeze, Jim Gettys, the late Bill Kuykendall, and Don Weatherman. I am also grateful to my students at Erskine, whose questions and comments have helped me to strive to be more clear and concise. I appreciate the assistanceof Mark Gatlin of the Naval Institute Press for patiently guiding me through the process of publication, and that of Chris Robinson for creating the maps. I am also deeply grateful to Mr. Edward S. Miller for his generous contribution to help defray the cost of publication.
    Richard, Erika, Vera, Ingrid, and Harald Müller of Eskilstuna, Sweden, provided friendship and sustenance, as well as tutoring in the Swedish language, with the greatest possible hospitality. I especially appreciate the support of my parents, Dr. John M. and the late Marjorie D. Grier, for their support. Finally, I am most of all indebted to my wife Sandy, who read much of the manuscript and offered valuable suggestions, and to my daughter Anna Mei, who has taught me that there are many things more important than history. All errors, of course, are mine, and any benefit derived from this work is due in great part to those listed above.

Dramatis Personae
    Assmann, Capt. Heinz : naval operations officer on Armed Forces High Command operations staff, August 1943–May 1945
    Blanc, Cdr. Adalbert von : commander of Ninth Escort Division, October 1944–May 1945
    Boheman, Erik : secretary-general at the Swedish Foreign Ministry
    Bonin, Col. Bogislaw von : head of OKH’s operations section, September 1944–January 1945
    Burchardi, Adm. Theodor : Admiral Ostland, November 1941–June 1944; Commanding Admiral Eastern Baltic, June 1944–April 1945
    Conrady, Capt. Heinz-Dietrich von : naval liaison officer to Army General Staff, August 1944–May 1945
    Dönitz, Grand Adm. Karl : commander in chief of the German navy, January 1943–April 1945; Reich