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Van Slyke, “Chinese Communist Movement,” 203.
53. Ibid., 200.
54. Zhu, Yan’an , 12.
55. Ibid., 8.
56. Ibid., 34.
57. See Joshua H. Howard, Workers at War: Labor in China’s Arsenals, 1937–1953 (Stanford, CA, 2004), on Chongqing workers, particularly chapters 3, 4, and 5.
58. Zhu, Yan’an , 6.
59. Ibid., (citing 1992 memoir).
60. Ibid., 238, 243, 245–250.
61. Ibid., 351.
62. Ibid., 319–321. Wang Guangrong, “Rijun feiji hongzha Yan’an jishi” [“A Record of the Bombing of Yan’an by Japanese Aircraft”], Dangshi bolan 2 (2003), 46–47.
63. Zhu, Yan’an , 319–321. Wang Guangrong, “Rijun,” 46–47.
64. Van Slyke, “Chinese Communist Movement,” 200–02.
65. Selden, Yenan Way , 161–171; Lyman van Slyke, Enemies and Friends: The United Front in Chinese Communist History (Stanford, CA, 1967), 142–153.
66. Van Slyke, “Chinese Communist Movement,” 185–187.
67. On Pingxingguan, see Satoshi and Drea, “Japanese Operations,” in Peattie, Drea, and Van de Ven, The Battle for China , 164–167. On Communist base areas and resistance outside Yan’an see, for instance, Gregor Benton, Mountain Fires: The Red Army’s Three-Year War in South China, 1934–1938 (Berkeley, CA, 1992), and on the New Fourth Army, Gregor Benton, New Fourth Army: Communist Resistance Along the Yangtze and the Huai, 1938–1941 (Berkeley, CA, 1999); David Goodman, Social and Political Change in Revolutionary China: The Taihang Base Area in the War of Resistance to Japan, 1937–1945 (Lanham, MD, 2000); Pauline Keating, David Goodman, and Feng Chongyi, eds., North China at War: The Social Ecology of Revolution (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1999); Pauline B. Keating, Two Revolutions: Village Reconstruction and the Cooperative Movement in Northern Shaanxi, 1934–1945 (Stanford, CA, 1997); and Dagfinn Gatu, Village China at War: The Impact of Resistance to Japan, 1937–1945 (Vancouver, 2008).
68. Van Slyke, “Chinese Communist Movement,” 188–189.
69. Taylor, Generalissimo , 171.
70. Van de Ven, War and Nationalism , 220.
     
    11. FLIGHT INTO THE UNKNOWN
     
1. ZFHR, November 26–December 1, 1938.
2. Gao Zongwu, Gao Zongwu huiyilu [ The Memoirs of Gao Zongwu ] (Beijing, 2009) [hereafter GZW], 30.
3. GZW, 30–32.
4. ZFHR, December 1 and 3, 1938.
5. Ibid., December 5, 1938.
6. Jbid., December 5, 7, and 8, 1938.
7. Ibid., December 9, 12, and 17, 1938.
8. “Wei guojun tuichu Wuhan gao quanguo guomin shu” [“A Message to the Whole Nation about the Withdrawal from Wuhan”] (October 31, 1938), ZT, vol. 30, 305.
9. “Wei guojun tuichu,” 301–302.
10. Drea and Van de Ven, “Overview,” in Mark Peattie, Edward Drea, and Hans van de Ven, The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945 (Stanford, CA, 2011), 35.
11. “Di yi ci Nanyue junshi huiyi kaihui xunci” [“Opening Speech to the First Nanyue Military Conference”], ZT (November 25, 1938), 486–487.
12. “Di yi ci Nanyue junshi huiyi,” 486–510.
13. “Di yi ci Nanyue junshi huiyi xunci (4),” ZT, 545, 546.
14. Hans J. van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945 (London, 2003), 232.
15. “Di yi ci Nanyue junshi huiyi,” 486–510.
16. GZW, 26.
17. However, the volume for 1939 is missing.
18. John Hunter Boyle, China and Japan at War, 1937–1945: The Politics of Collaboration (Stanford, CA, 1972), 168–169.
19. Ibid., 168.
20. ZHFR, August 21, 1937.
21. Ibid., August 16 and 17, 1937; GZW, 30.
22. Boyle, China and Japan at War , 168.
23. ZFHR, August 30 and 31, 1937, September 1 and 3, 1937, and September 11, 1937.
24. Boyle, China and Japan at War , 141.
25. Ibid., 179–187.
26. Ibid., 187.
27. Huang Meizhen and Yang Hanqing, “Nationalist China’s Negotiating Position during the Stalemate, 1938–1945,” in David P. Barrett and Larry N. Shyu, Chinese Collaboration with Japan, 1932–1945: The Limits of Accommodation (Stanford, CA, 2001), 57.
28. ZHFR, October 30, 1938, November 15 and 23,