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Hebrew). In some ways those two were not quite “Muslim” enough for the purposes of authenticity.
    Orhan Pamuk, a thoughtful native of Istanbul who lived for threeyears in New York, has for some time been in contention for the post of mutual or reciprocal fictional interpreter. Turkey is, physically and historically, the “bridge” between East and West, and I have yet to read a Western newspaper report from the country that fails to employ that cheering metaphor. (I cannot be certain how many “Eastern” articles and broadcasts are similarly affirmative.) With his previous novel, My Name Is Red , Pamuk himself became a kind of register of this position, dwelling on the interpenetration of Islamic and Western styles and doing so in a “postmodern” fashion that laid due emphasis on texts, figures, and representations. After 9/11 he was the natural choice for the New York Review of Books , to which he contributed a decent if unoriginal essay that expressed horror at the atrocities while admonishing Westerners not to overlook the wretched of the earth. In Turkey he spoke up for Kurdish rights and once refused a state literary award. Some of his fellow secularists, however, felt that he was too ready to “balance” his views with criticism of the Kemalist and military forces that act as guarantors of Turkey’s secularism.
    In a Bush speech to the new membership of NATO, delivered in Istanbul last June, one of the president’s handlers was astute enough to insert a quotation from Pamuk, to the effect that the finest view of the city was not from its European or its Asian shores but from—yes—the “bridge that unites them.” The important thing, as the president went on to intone from Pamuk, “is not the clash of parties, civilizations, cultures, East and West.” No; what is important is to recognize “that other peoples in other continents and civilizations” are “exactly like you.” De te fabula narratur .
    Human beings are of course essentially the same, if not exactly identical. But somehow this evolutionary fact does not prevent clashes of varying intensity from being the norm rather than the exception. “Remember your humanity, and forget the rest,” Albert Einstein is supposed to have said. This already questionable call to amnesia translates badly in cultures that regard Einstein himself as a Satanic imp spawned from the hideous loins of Jewish degeneration.
    In his new novel Pamuk gives us every reason to suppose that heis far more ambivalent about this facile “bridge-building” stuff than he has so far let on. The plot is complex yet susceptible of summary. Narrated by Pamuk, with the advantages of both foresight and hindsight, it shows an anomic young Turk named Kerim Alakusoglu, a poet with a bad case of literary sterility and sexual drought, as he negotiates a moment of personal and political crisis in the city of Kars, on the Turkish-Armenian frontier. Disliking his given name, the man prefers to go under the acronym formed by his initials: “Ka.” Having taken part in the violent and futile Marxist-Leninist student movement that was eventually obliterated by the military coup of 1980, and having followed so many of his ex-comrades into exile in Germany, Ka is a burned-out case. Pretending to seek a journalistic assignment in this remote town, which has recently witnessed an epidemic of suicide by young girls thwarted in their desire to take the Muslim veil, he is in fact magnetized by the possibility of seeing Ipek, the lost flame of his youth. As he arrives, a blizzard isolates the city and almost buries it in snow—for which the Turkish word is kar . One might therefore deploy a cliché and say that the action is frozen in time.
    When frozen in the present, the mise-en-scène discloses a community of miserably underemployed people, caught among a ramshackle state machine, a nascent Islamism,