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thumb: If an unused charger isn’t warm to the touch, it’s using less than a penny of electricity a day. For a small smartphone charger, if it’s not warmto the touch, it’s using less than a penny a year . Th is is true of almost any powered device. 1
    But back to the box.
    Heat will flow from the hair dryer out into the box. If we assume the dryer is indestructible, the interior of the box will keep getting hotter until the outer surface reaches about 60°C (140°F). At that temperature, the box will be losing heat to the outside as fast as thehair dryer is adding it inside, and the system will be in equilibrium.

    It’s warmer than my parents! It’s my new parents.
    Th e equilibrium temperature will be a bit cooler if there’s a breeze, or if the box is sitting on a wet or metallic surface that conducts away heat quickly.
    If the box is made of metal, it will be hot enough to burn your hand if you touch it for more than five seconds. If it’s wood, you can probably touch it for a while,but there’s a danger that parts of the box in contact with the mouth of the hair dryer will catch fire.
    Th e inside of the box will be like an oven. Th e temperature it reaches will depend on the thickness of the box wall; the thicker and more insulating the wall, the higher the temperature. It wouldn’t take a very thick box to create temperatures high enough to burn out the hair dryer.
    But let’s assume it’s an indestructible hair dryer. And if we have something as cool as an indestructible hair dryer, it seems like a shame to limit it to 1875 watts.

    With 18,750 watts flowing out of the hair dryer, the surface of the box reaches over 200°C (475°F), as hot as a skillet on low-medium.

    I wonder how high this dial goes.

    Th ere’s a distressing amount of space left on the dial.
    Th e surface of the box is now 600°C, hot enough to glow a dim red.

    If it’s made of aluminium, the inside is starting to melt. If it’s made of lead, the outside is starting to melt. If it’s on a wood floor, the house is on fire. But it doesn’t matter what’s happening around it; the hair dryer is indestructible.
    Two megawatts pumped into a laser is enough to destroy missiles.
    At 1300°C, the box is now about the temperature of lava.

    One more notch.

    Th is hair dryer is probably not up to code.
    Now 18 megawatts are flowing into the box.

    Th e surface of the box reaches 2400°C. If it were steel, it would have melted by now. If it’s made of something like tungsten, it might conceivably last a little longer.
    Just one more, then we’ll stop.

    Th is much power — 187 megawatts — is enough to make the box glow white. Not a lot of materials can survive these conditions, so we’ll have to assume the box is indestructible.

    Th e floor is made of lava.
    Unfortunately, the floor isn’t.
    Before it can burn its way through the floor, someone throws a water balloon under it. Th e burst of steam launches the box out the front door and onto the sidewalk. 2

    We’re at 1.875 gigawatts (I lied about stopping). According to Back to the Future, the hair dryer is now drawing enough power to travel back in time.

    Th e box is blindingly bright, and you can’t get closer than a few hundred meters due to the intense heat. It sits in the middle of a growing pool of lava. Anything within 50–100 meters bursts into flame. A column of heat and smoke rise high into the air. Periodic explosions of gas beneath the box launch it into the air, and it starts fires and forms a new lava pool where it lands.
    We keep turning the dial.

    At 18.7 gigawatts, the conditions around the box are similar to those on the pad during a space shuttle launch. Th e box begins to be tossed around by the powerful updrafts it’s creating.
    In 1914, H. G. Wells imagined devices like this in his book Th e World Set Free . He wrote of a type of bomb that, instead of exploding once, exploded continuously, a slow-burn inferno thatstarted inextinguishable fires in the