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Mantua falls (February). Napoleon invades Papal States; pope cedes Bologna, Ferrara and Ancona to France. March on Vienna. Austrians make peace (April). Treaty of Campo Formio (October): Austria recognizes most French territorial annexations; northern Italy divided into French Republican states. Venice, which had been occupied by the French, is handed over to Austria.
Constitutional monarchists gain majority in French elections (April).
Coup d’état
of 18 fructidor (4 September); Paris put under military occupation, enabling the three republican Directors to remove their monarchist colleagues. Usual purges and repressive measures follow. Law against é
migrés
re-enacted.
John Adams US president (to 1801). Jenner creates successful smallpox vaccine.
    DATE: 1798
    AUTHOR’S LIFE: Takes up a new post as President of the Criminal Court in Bourg (January) where most of the cases involve judging terrorists both Jacobin and monarchist.
Appointed State Prosecutor for the Department of Seine-et-Oise, based at Versailles (May). Manages to reclaim all his plates, pots and pans which had been sold off in his absence, and also his library.
    LITERARY CONTEXT: Schiller:
Wallenstein
.
Wordsworth and Coleridge:
Lyrical Ballads
.
Coleridge:
The Recantation
(later
France: an Ode)
.
Amelia Simmons:
American Cookery
.
    HISTORICAL EVENTS: French troops enter Rome; pope expelled and Roman Republic set up (February). Invasion of Switzerland: Helvetic Republic established. Geneva annexed (April). Napoleon embarks on Egyptian campaign (May); defeats Mamluk forces at battle of the Pyramids (July). French fleet destroyed by Nelson at Aboukir Bay (August).
First paper-making machine patented by Nicolas-Louis Robert.
    DATE: 1799
    AUTHOR’S LIFE: Witnesses the coup of 18 brumaire of which he evidently approves; ten days later the judges at Versailles send off a message of congratulation to Napoleon.
    LITERARY CONTEXT: Birth of Balzac.
    HISTORICAL EVENTS: War of Second Coalition, with Russia, Turkey and later Austria, Portugal and Naples joining Great Britain against France. Initial Allied successes (March – July) lead to fear of invasion, temporarily allayed by Masséna’s victory over Russian army in Switzerland (September). Siéyés enters Directory (May), removing and replacing two of his fellow Directors (day of 30 prairial: 18 June), later allying with Napoleon against the legislative councils (dominated by republicans). Coup of 18 brumaire (9–10 November): in an atmosphere of fear stirred up by rumours of Jacobin terrorist plots, Napoleon’s troops drive deputies from the Council of Five Hundred (lower house), meeting at the Château de Saint-Cloud. Constitution of year VIII. As First Consul (of three), Napoleon effectively makes himself dictator (December). Central to his adminstrative struture is the new Council of State.
    DATE: 1800
    AUTHOR’S LIFE: His job of
procureur
being abolished in the new legal reforms, Brillat applies for reappointment to the
Tribunal de cassation
and is successful (April). This time the judges are granted unlimited tenure. Takes lodgings in Paris and finds plenty of opportunity (he is required in court only three days a week) to sample the many restaurants with which the capital now teams.
    LITERARY CONTEXT: Sade:
Les Crimes de l’amour
.
Mme de Stael:
De la littératur.
    HISTORICAL EVENTS: Law of 28 pluviôse (17 February) year VIII establishes prefectoral system of controlling local government. Pacification of royalist West. Battle of Marengo (June). French victory again removes fear of Austrian invasion. Austrians routed at Hohenlinden (December). Royalists led by Cadoudal attempt to blow up Napoleon on his way to the opera (24 December). Bank of France founded. David’s portrait of Madame Récamier. Chicken Marengo supposedly created by Napoleon’s Swiss chef to commemorate his victory at Marengo.
    DATE: 1801
    AUTHOR’S LIFE: In Paris for court sessions, and on his estate at Vieu (home to his two