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When Imhotep built the Step Pyramid complex at Saqqara in c. 2650 BC, Sirius rose 26° south of east. In 5000 BC it rose 37° south of east. In 8000 BC it rose 58° south of east and at the remote date of 11,500 BC it would have risen almost due south (90° south of east). It is an undisputed fact that the Egyptians observed Sirius avidly, especially when it was rising in the east. It was probably observed more than any other object in the sky, perhaps even more than the sun. Let us see why.
     

Horus the Son of Osiris
     
    In the creation myth of Heliopolis we are given the genealogy of the pantheon - also known as the Great Ennead or Great Council of Nine - which was made up of four generations of gods. At the head is Ra-Atum, who became manifest in the sun. Then by masturbation or spitting, Ra-Atum created Shu and Tefnet, the air-god and the moisture-goddess. From them came Geb, the earth-god, and Nut, the sky-goddess. Geb and Nut were united and from them were born four children: Osiris, Isis, Seth and Nephtys. Then Geb and Nut were pulled apart by the air-god, Shu (this is probably where the idea came from that the image of the sky had been imprinted on the land and made Egypt ‘the image of Heaven’). 33 The myth now enters its second phase, sometimes known as the Osirian myth. It reveals how Osiris and Isis became lovers and ruled Egypt as the first pharaoh and queen. It then goes on to tell how Seth, their jealous brother, plotted the murder of Osiris. One version has Seth drowning Osiris in the Nile, while another has him cutting Osiris’s body into 14 parts, which he then scatters all over Egypt. Seth takes the throne while Isis, almost mad with grief, searches frantically for Osiris, finds him and, with her magical powers, brings him back to life long enough to take his seed and become pregnant. She then hides in the bulrushes of the Delta and gives birth to a son, Horus. When Horus grows up, he challenges Seth to a duel. A great battle ensues. The Great Council of Nine, represented by Geb, interferes and divides Egypt between the two contenders. But the decision is reversed by Geb, who decides that Horus, ‘the son of Osiris’, will rule the whole of Egypt and that Seth will be banished into the desert. As for Osiris himself, we are told that he ascended to the stellar world and established a kingdom for the dead called the Duat.
     
    Egyptologists have long known that in ancient Egyptian cosmology Osiris was identified with the constellation of Orion. 34 They have all agreed, too, that his wife-sister Isis was identified with the star Sirius called spdt or sopdet by the ancient Egyptians. Thus in The British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt , for example, we are given this characteristic definition: ‘Along with her husband SAH (Orion) and her son SOPED, Sopdet was part of a triad that paralleled the family of Osiris, Isis, and Horus. She was therefore described in the Pyramid Texts as having united with Osiris to give birth to the Morning Star.’ 35 According to the archaeoastronomer Edwin C. Krupp:
    In ancient Egypt this annual reappearance of Sirius fell close to the summer solstice and coincided with the time of the Nile’s inundation. Isis, as Sirius, was the ‘mistress of the year’s beginning’, for the Egyptian New Year was set by this event. New Year’s ceremony texts at Dendera say Isis coaxed out the Nile and caused it to swell. The metaphor is astronomical, hydraulic and sexual, and it parallels the function of Isis in the myth. Sirius revives the Nile just as Isis revives Osiris. Her time of hiding from Set is when Sirius is gone from the night sky. She gives birth to her son Horus, as Sirius gives birth to the New Year, and in texts Horus and the new year are equated. She is the vehicle for renewal of life and order. Shining for a moment, one morning in summer, she stimulates the Nile and starts the year. 36
     
     
     
    A word of caution: many Egyptologists tend to use the Greek name