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reveals the features as previously cited. (Kneissler, 2001)
Fig. 5

“Belladonna” comparison
The Figure
The Waist-Hip Proportion
Another important factor of attractiveness is the curve index , i.e., the waist-hip proportion. It is generally assumed a large bust accounts for sex appeal. However, an analysis which compared the dimensions of the average German woman with those of a pin-up girl in Playboy (Grammer, 1994; p. 248) showed that this is an unfounded bias. The unexpected result was that the bust size of the pin-up girls was only 0.4 cm larger, while they had a 7.2 cm smaller waist and a 4.2 cm smaller hip! The two groups of women compared here thus revealed striking differences in the curve index. This fact explains why slimness is so desired and women invest so much in trying to live up to this ideal. A slim figure makes the curve index more obvious, thus producing more noticeable erotic signals.
The Pelvic Tilt
The factor that significantly influences the posture of women is the pelvic tilt , which is the tilt of the spine in the height of the promontorium towards the sacrum. From an anatomical perspective, the promontorium is the transition of the lumbar vertebra that juts forward into the pelvis at the upper edge of the sacrum. A change in this angle has two extraordinary results. On the one hand, it changes the entire muscular tension and thus the posture. Fashion capitalizes on this fact by offering shoes with high heels. When a woman wears high-heeled shoes the pelvic tilt becomes smaller towards the vertebral
Fig. 6

Pelvic tilt
column. As a conse- quence, the entire pos- ture becomes straighter which comes closer to an ideal of beauty than a “slouched” figure.
On the other hand, the result of a marked pelvic tilt is that the curvature of the body seen from the side is reinforced and is thus more conspicuous as an innate erotic signal. (Grammer, 1994; pp.
190-192)
The Swaying of the Hips
Basically, we can say that each gender-typical difference can be turned into an erotic signal. One example is the gait, reflecting a different dynamic process in both man and woman.
Through human locomotion the woman’s buttocks become an erotic stimulus. The lateral swinging of the hips is seen as something typically female which men imitate when they want to emulate a woman or a “fay”. By contrast, men hard- ly show a swaying movement of the hips. (Grammer, 1994; p. 208)
The Attractive Male Face
In the assessment of male attractiveness the face plays a somewhat different role. Grammer and Thornhill, who had already worked with images of women, randomly selected sixteen portraits of men from the composite image of a com- puter (fig. 7). By superposing these sixteen digitalized ima- ges they also computed an average face. (fig. 8) A study, however, showed that this average face was no longer select- ed as the most attractive one by both female and male test subjects. As a result of the superposition of the images all extreme features disappeared. The virtual face became well-proportioned and was thus seen as too “feminine”. (Grammer, 1994; p. 166)
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

“Individual faces” “Average face”
Through computer manipulation, the left and right picture of fig. 9 emerged from the average face in the middle. The authors of the study only expanded the lower jaw and extended the lower visceral skeleton in the right face. The opposite changes were performed with the left face. As a result of these manipulations the right face of the test sub- jects was assessed as being dominant, while the left one was
seen as subservient. (Grammer, 1994; p. 109)
Fig. 9

Comparison of male faces
The different facial forms have been used after Keating (et al., 1981) to assess a person as either superior (right) or infer- ior (left).
Body Height
A commonly accepted norm appears to exist. Women pre- fer men who are taller than themselves. Men, by contrast, prefer women who are smaller than themselves. (Gillis and Avis,