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    Celebrex and Vioxx, 23–38
    biomedical model and, 203–4
    CLASS study of Celebrex, 29–33
    clinical practice guidelines about, 191, 259
    early studies of, 4–7
    FDA Warning Letters about, 23–24, 36
    marketing of, 4–7, 10–11, 153–55
    medical journals and, 4–7, 25–27, 37–38
    Medicare and, 245, 246, 248
    osteoarthritis and, 191
    public hearings about, 258
    VIGOR study of, 33–36
    censoring, informed, 30
    censorship, medical journal self-, 113
    Center for Medical Consumers, 167
    chemotherapy, 41–42, 51–52, 56–57
    chlorpheniramine, 153
    cholesterol.
See also
cholesterol guidelines of 2001
    C-reactive protein (CRP) test and, 164–66
    hormone replacement therapy and, 67
    levels of, in U.S., 45
    cholesterol guidelines of 2001, 129–48
    conflicts of interest and, xvii, 127, 133–35
    diet and, 224
    formulation of, 129–31
    linking cholesterol with coronary heart disease, 131–33 (
see also
coronary heart disease)
    primary prevention of heart disease, 136–43
    profits from, 146–48
    public hearings about, 259
    secondary prevention of heart disease and, 142–43
    testing and failure of, 143–46
    chronic myelogenous leukemia, 43–44
    cigarettes.
See
smoking
    Claritin, 152–54, 157
    CLASS study, 24, 29–33.
See also
Celebrex and Vioxx
    clinical practice guidelines, xvii–xviii
    cataract and back surgery, 177
    cholesterol (
see
cholesterol guidelines of 2001)
    conflicts of interest and, xiii, 127–28, 133–35, 146–48, 227, 249–50
    clinical trials.
See
medical research
    clofibrate, 133
    clot-busting drugs, 4, 221
    colon cancer, 234
    commercial research bias, 13–22, 93–110.
See also
medical research
    absolute vs. relative risk and, 14–16, 165, 166, 229
    advertising and research companies and, 109–10
    Celebrex and Vioxx research (see Celebrex and Vioxx)
    cholesterol research (
see
cholesterol guidelines of 2001)
    commercial funding, 94–97 (
see also
drug companies; funding)
    commercial goals vs. health goals, 21–22, 50–51, 53, 241–44
    conflicts of interest and (
see
conflicts of interest)
    damage control and, 107–9
    data manipulation, 34–36
    data omission, 29–31
    data transparency and, 27–28, 94, 105–6, 251–52
    dosage manipulation, 101–2
    failure to compare existing therapies, 17, 102–3
    FDA drug approval and Rezulin, 86–88
    ghostwriters and, 106–7
    hormone replacement therapy (
see
hormone replacement therapy)
    implantable defibrillators, 98–101
    independent review for, 249–53
    medical journals and, 25–27, 37–38, 93–94, 96–97 (
see also
medical journals)
    osteoporosis research, 211–20
    Paxil research, 243
    premature termination of research, 104–5
    publication bias as, 113–17
    research design changes as, 31
    septic shock research, 161–63
    stroke research, 13–22
    unbiased information vs., 167
    unrepresentative patients, 16–17, 33, 103–4, 206–8, 251
    commercial speech, 37–38, 157–59
    conflicts of interest
    academic experts, xxii, 18, 243
    cholesterol guidelines, 135, 147–48
    clinical guideline experts, xxi, 127–28, 133–35, 146–48, 227, 249–50
    continuing medical education, 121–23
    damage control, 109
    FDA, 85–87, 89–90
    ghostwriters, 106–7
    hormone replacement therapy, 60–61
    medical journal, 26
    medical news stories, 166–67
    NIH researchers, 86–90
    independent review and, 258–59
    surgeons, 177–78
    confounding factors, 66–67
    consciousness, 206–8
    consulting contracts, 88–90, 109, 249.
See also
conflicts of interest
    consumer health web sites, 219
    consumerism, medical.
See
medical consumerism
    continuing medical education (CME), 117–24, 250
    CONVINCE study, 104–5
    coronary artery bypass surgery, 43, 169–73, 175–76
    coronary heart disease (CHD), 220–225.
See also
blood pressure; heart attacks; strokes
    arrhythmia, 44, 98–101, 114
    biomedical model and, 201–2
    cardiovascular complications, 26–27, 33–36, 38, 107–9, 246
    cholesterol and (
see
cholesterol; cholesterol guidelines of