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fun. Post-war advertising has still not found its historian. T. R. Nevitt, Advertising in Britain: A History (1982), is a good basic guide. Historians have also left the rise of tourism to anthropologists and social theorists, though P. Mandler, The Fall and Rise of the Stately Home (1997), shows what can be done.
    T. Marshall, Class, Citizenship and Social Development (Chicago, 1963), and R. Titmuss, Essays on the “Welfare” State (1963 edn) showthe thinking of two major British social theorists. A French view is F. Ewald, L’État de providence (Paris, 1986). The best treatment of the German social market is A. J. Nicholls, Freedom with Responsibility: The Social Market Economy in Germany, 1918–1963 (Oxford, 1994). More comparative treatments are to be found in P. Flora and A. Heidenheimer (eds.), The Development of Welfare States in Europe and America (1987), G. Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Cambridge, 1990), P. Baldwin, The Politics of Social Solidarity (Cambridge, 1990), A. de Swaan, In Care of the State: Health Care, Education and Welfare in Europe in the Modern Era (Oxford, 1988), A. Cochrane and J. Clarke (eds.), Comparing Welfare States: Britain in International Context (1993), and P. Thane, The Foundations of the Welfare State (1982). J. Harris, “Enterprise and welfare states: a comparative perspective,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (1990), pp. 175–95, scrutinizes the Thatcherite critique of welfare spending. On politics, the Left is covered in S. Padgett and W. Patterson, A History of Social Democracy in Postwar Europe (1991); there is nothing comparable for the Right. C. Lemke and G. Marks (eds.), The Crisis of Socialism in Europe (Durham, NC, 1992), is very useful: we must await a similar account of the crisis of contemporary conservatism. Christian Democracy is well treated in several excellent works, M. P. Fogarty, Christian Democracy in Western Europe, 1820–1953 (1957), D. L. Hanley (ed.), Christian Democracy in Europe (1996), and the excellent K. van Kersbergen, Social Capitalism: A Study of Christian Democracy and the Welfare State (1995). There is a good essay by M. Mitchell, “Materialism and secularism: CDU politicians and National Socialism, 1945–1949,” Journal of Modern History , 67 (June 1995), pp. 278–308, and the whole question of post-war political Catholicism is put in historical perspective in T. Buchanan and M. Conway (eds.), Political Catholicism in Europe, 1918–1965 (Oxford, 1996). The extreme Right is the subject of L. Cheles et al . (eds.), Neo-Fascism in Europe (1991).
    Demographic trends are surveyed in D. V. Glass, “Population trends in Europe since the Second World War,” Population Studies , 22: 1 (March 1968), pp. 103–47, M. Kirk, Demographic and Social Change in Europe, 1975–2000 (Liverpool, 1981), and D. Noin and R. Woods (eds.), The Changing Population of Europe (Oxford, 1993). C. Dyer, Population and Society in 20th Century France (1978), covers the post-warperiod. On women, and official policies towards them, see D. Dahlerup (ed.), The New Women’s Movement (1986), C. Duchen, Women’s Rights and Women’s Lives in France, 1944–1968 (1994). C. Haste, Rules of Desire: Sex in Britain, World War 1 to the Present (1992), is good on British sexual politics. On the rise of the teenager, see J. G. Gillis, Youth and History (New York, 1974), T. R. Fyvel, The Insecure Offenders (1961), and S. Piccone Stella, “ ‘Rebels without a cause’: Male youth in Italy around 1960,” History Workshop Journal , 38 (1994), pp. 157–74. On the revolting student, G. Statera, Death of a Utopia: The Development and Decline of Student Movements in Europe (New York, 1975), is admirably clear-sighted. There are also fine essays in Daedalus in the 1968–9 issues. On crime, we have N. Christie’s polemic, Crime Control as Industry (1993), and on penal policy, V. Ruggiero, M. Ryan and J. Sim (eds.), West European Penal Systems