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transport, Clifford Winston, et al.,
The Economic Effects of Surface Freight Deregulation
(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1990).
    61. For a description of CSX, see Muller,
Intermodal Freight Transportation
, p. 93; on Malcolm McLean, see “Containerization at 40,” from a program given by the Container Industry in honor of McLean (courtesy
Fayetteville Observer-Times
, May 22, 1998); and, on the evolution of regulatory policy regarding cross-modal ownership, author phone interview with unnamed officer at the Office of Proceedings, Surface Transportation Board, Washington, D.C., June 1, 1998.
    62. “Administration to Study Business Concentration,”
WSJ
, May 13, 1998, A2. Clinton also said that the globalizing and nationalizing of industries placed “a premium on bigness, partly so you can afford to get into new market areas, partly so you can afford to handle bad years—you have more money.”
    63. “Embassies Pave Way for U.S. Executives,”
Journal of Commerce
, August 12, 1998, 1C; “U.S. Embassies Give American Companies More Help Overseas,”
WSJ
, January 21, 1997, A1, A12; “Daley to Barnstorm China, Pushing Contracts for U.S.,”
WSJ
, October 3, 1997, A7; and “Yesterday’s Diplomats Are Today’s Entrepreneurs in Argentina,”
WSJ
, January 8, 1998, A5.
    64. Wolfgang Demisch, analyst for BT securities, quoted in James Sterngold, “A Swift Transformation,”
NYT
, December 16, 1996, 1.
    65. See speech by Secretary of Transportation Federico Pena, March 5, 1996, press release, DOT.
    66. Editorial, “Let’s Have Open Skies,”
WSJ
, June 14, 1996, A14.
    67. “Clearer Skies,”
Journal of Commerce
, July 13, 1998, 6A; “Open Skies Pact with Peru Excludes Fine Air,”
ibid.
, June 12, 1998, 11A; “Airline Pacts’ Antitrust Question Sparks Controversy,”
WSJ
, January 3, 1997; “A Megadeal in the Skies,”
BusinessWeek
, June 3, 1996, 50–51; “U.S. Moves to Allow Two Airlines’ Overseas Ties,”
WSJ
, May 22, 1996, A2; and “How Maneuvering by Airlines Shaped U.S.-Japan Accord,”
WSJ
, February 2, 1998, 1.
    68. Quoted in
NYT
, January 20, 1998, D1.
    69. “Past open-skies deals already are paying dividends,” said the
Journal of Commerce
in July 1998. “U.S. Department of Transportation studies have shown much stronger traffic growth in open-skiescountries where alliances operate than in markets without alliances or open skies (July 13, 1998, 6A).”
    70. The phrase belongs to Saskia Sassen, political economist; see her
Globalization and Its Discontents
(New York: New Press, 1998), p. xxviii. Sassen writes that “deregulation has … had the effect, particularly in the case of the leading economic sectors, of partly denationalizing national territory.”
    71. “Hope vs. Experience, the Rematch,”
WSJ
, January 14, 1997, A21.
    72. Muller,
Intermodal Freight Transportation
, pp. 1–5.
    73.
Ibid.
, p. 2.
    74. “Maxton Native Malcolm McLean, Shipping Innovator, Enters Hall,”
Fayetteville
[N.C.]
Observer-Times
, March 21, 1982; and
BusinessWeek
, April 16, 1979, 80–90.
    75. Quoted in “Malcolm McLean’s $750 Million Gamble,”
BusinessWeek
, April 16, 1979, 81.
    76. Muller,
Intermodal Freight Transportation
, pp. 15–16; and Leah Robinson Rousmaniere,
Anchored Within the Vail
(New York: The Seaman’s Church Institute of New York and New Jersey, 1995), p. 91.
    77. See Jameson Doig,
Empire on the Hudson
, Epilogue.
    78. “Building ‘Cow-tainers,’ ”
Journal of Commerce
, May 29, 1998, 3B; and “Acknowledging the Roar of the Cargo,”
ibid.
, 10C. On generalized use of containers by the nineties, see Muller,
Intermodal Freight Transportation
, p. 23.
    79. Marvin Schwartz,
J. B. Hunt: The Long Haul to Success
(Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1992), pp. 52–53.
    80. Muller,
Intermodal Freight Transportation
, pp. 55–56.
    81.
WSJ
, February 3, 1998, A1; and telephone interview with Bob Withuhn, December 16, 1996.
    82. Schwartz,
J. B. Hunt
, p. 59; and
WSJ
,