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see John Milton Cooper Jr.,
Woodrow Wilson
(New York: Knopf, 2009), 214; and Arthur S. Link,
Woodrow Wilson: A Brief Biography
(Cleveland: World, 1963), 180. An index of joint sessions of Congress documents that (outside of inauguration days) Wilson was the first president since John Adams to appear in joint session: http://history.house.gov/Institution/Joint-Sessions/60-79.
    Even Wilson was accused: Cooper,
Woodrow Wilson,
214.
    he wanted to enhance: “Congress Greets Wilson,”
The New York Times,
April 9, 1913.
    Wilson was adamant: Link,
Wilson and the Progressive Era,
35; “Wilson Preparing for Business Boom,”
The New York Times,
April 29, 1913; and “Federal Control of Interest Rate,”
The New York Times,
April 30, 1913.
    McAdoo mapped the country: Glass to H. Parker Willis, April 11, 1913, Carter Glass Collection, Box 47. That Willis and McAdoo met on Sunday, April 13, is from Willis to Carter Glass, April 16, 1913, Henry Parker Willis Papers, Box 20; they would also have a work session at McAdoo’s home on Saturday, May 3. For the bill’s new nomenclature, see Willis to Carter Glass, May 5, 1913, ibid.
    However, McAdoo became frustrated: John J. Broesamle,
William Gibbs McAdoo: A Passion for Change, 1863–1917
(Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1973), 100, 95.
    a Washington dinner party: Carter Glass,
An Adventure in Constructive Finance
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1927), 52–53; and Henry Parker Willis,
The Federal Reserve System: Legislation, Organization and Operation
(New York: Ronald Press, 1923), 169.
    thirteen pages of pointed suggestions: Glass,
An Adventure in Constructive Finance,
48–49; and Paul M. Warburg,
The Federal Reserve System: Its Origin and Growth—Reflections and Recollections
(New York: Macmillan, 1930), 1:91–92. Warburg’s analysis appears in his appendix, ibid., 613–25.
    “a large number of faucets”: Warburg,
The Federal Reserve System,
1:613–14; a synopsis of his points follows in ibid., 614–25. The figure of twenty reserve banks can be found in Willis,
The Federal Reserve System,
171.
    His paper, dated April 22: Warburg,
The Federal Reserve System,
1:92.
    “vicious” and also “extreme”: Willis to Carter Glass, April 29, 1913, Willis Papers, Box 1; and Willis to Carter Glass, April 28, 1913, ibid., Box 20.
    House reappeared, grabbed: Willis to Carter Glass, May 2, 1913, ibid.
    Colonel House was invited: Samuel Untermyer to House, May 3, 1913, Edward M. House Papers, Box 112.
    Owen had been born in Lynchburg: For biographical details on Senator Owen, see Kenny L. Brown, “A Progressive from Oklahoma: Senator Robert Latham Owen, Jr.,”
The Chronicles of Oklahoma
62 (Fall 1984); Wyatt W. Belcher, “Political Leadership of Robert L. Owen,”
The Chronicles of Oklahoma
31 (Winter 1953–54); and Oklahoma Historical Society, “Oklahoma’s First Senator Dies,”
Chronicles of Oklahoma
25, p. 178, available at http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/contents.html.
    As a businessman, Owen: “A Tribute to the Memory of Robert Latham Owen by the Officers and Directors of The First National Bank and Trust Co., Muskogee, Ok.,” September 26, 1947, Special Collections and University Archives (Coll. no. 1931.001), McFarlin Library, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma; and Robert Owen to L. M. Nichols, March 5, 1912, L. M. Nichols Papers, Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries, Norman, Oklahoma, Box N-11, folder 4.
    frightened depositors withdrew half: Robert L. Owen,
The Federal Reserve Act
(New York: Century, 1919), 2–3.
    Owen became a student of banking: For the 1896 Democratic convention and Owen’s European trip, see ibid., 5–9. For his speech in Congress, see “Characters in Congress—Senator Robert Latham Owen of Oklahoma,”
The New York Times,
March 1, 1908. See also press clippings in L. M. Nichols Papers, Western History Collections, Box N-11, folder 4.
    For Untermyer, whose feud with Glass: Samuel Untermyer to Glass,